Carbon is a fairly common mineral in nature. But to crystallize as a diamond, carbon must be subjected to the extremely high temperature and pressure conditions that exist deep beneath the earth’s surface, in the mantle. Under these conditions, each carbon atom forms short, strong bonds with four adjacent carbon atoms. Graphite, another form of carbon, crystalizes at lower temperatures and pressures in the earth’s crust, so its crystal structure is very different. The result is that graphite, which is used in pencils, is so soft you can write with it, while diamond is so hard you can only scratch it with another diamond.