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Start by measuring the length of the trailer cargo box or platform, but do not include the trailer tongue. Multiply this length by .4. The resulting number is the distance from the rear of the cargo box to the center of the axle. For example, the math for a 10-foot box is: 10 x.4 = 4. So, in this example, simply mount the axle so that the axle center point is four feet from the rear of the trailer. here
The mounting point for a double axle setup is calculated in the same manner as the single axle above, except that the calculated number is the center point between the two axles. Using the same 10-foot cargo box as our previous example, we would make a mark four feet from the back of the trailer. This mark represents the center of the equalizer for the front and rear spring. When this distance is known, the total length of the spring and half the equalizer is taken, and the other spring mount is welded at that distance from the center mark.. [links]
Proper placement of trailer axles can make the difference between a trailer that tows safely and easily and a trailer that is a danger to everyone around it anytime it is being towed. Too far to the rear and the percentage of the cargo weight that is carried on the trailer hitch is too high, causing undue wear on the tow vehicle's suspension and tires. Too far forward and the trailer tongue weight won't be enough, allowing the trailer to sway badly.
By calculating the total length of all the axles, springs and equalizers to determine the center of the assembly any number of axles can be added to a trailer. Simply mount the axles where the center of the assembly matches the 40 percent mark on the trailer frame. On a three-axle placement, for example, this would mean the center of the middle axle was at a point 40 percent in from the rear of the trailer.
Measure the total length of the box(A) and divide that dimension by 2 to find the centerline of the trailer box. For each foot of total box length(A) move the centerline of the axles(B) toward the back of the trailer 1 inch from the centerline of the trailer box. That axle centerline is where you will attach the middle spring hanger. Be sure to position front and rear spring hangers according to manufacturers specifications. Be sure to pull diagonal measurements from the middle spring hangers to the coupler to be sure that your trailer will track straight. Example: For a 12' trailer box(A), the centerline of the trailer box is 6'(12' / 2 = 6'). Since the trailer box length is 12', the centerline of the axles will be 12" (or 1') towards the rear of the trailer from the centerline of the trailer box(1" per foot on 12' box length). So the centerline of the axles will be 7' from the front edge of the box. For a trailer with excessive tongue weight, you can cheat as much as 10-15% toward the centerline of the trailer box to
compensate for the tongue weight. Be careful not to over compensate because without proper tongue weight, your trailer can become a mobile disaster for you and anyone else on the road. This method should only be used if you will be hauling evenly distributed loads. more
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You must make some judgments about distances and loading as you go. If your vehicle is capable of a lot more tongue weight, then bias the axles back a little bit. On the other hand, if your vehicle is limited at these tongue weights, then use a lower percentage when calculating Ft. Higher is better for stability, but not always practical with your tow vehicle. These are judgments you must make. [links]
Secondly, there is nothing magic about exactly 15% tongue weight. Anything in that area + or – a couple % is good. So, take this all in stride if the numbers don’t come out perfect. One key point: We don’t recommend going below 10% tongue weight. 15% works a lot better if you can. [links]
Third, loading variability. If your trailer will be unloaded or lightly loaded much of the time, then biasing the axle back can be mildly beneficial. If your trailer is loaded different every time you use it (most utility trailers), then go with an average for the calculations. Certainly you can bias a smaller load toward the front for those times when needed. Loading the trailer with heavier items to the front is always a good idea. (Here’s a video showing some instability from loading.)
Note that Ft + Fa must equal the total trailer weight, Wcg. here
With the numbers above, we can then calculate where we want the axles to go. Start by selecting the desired tongue load, maybe 15% of the total trailer weight. (While this is good in theory, make sure to verify that it is OK for your tow vehicle.) here
Labels and Dimensions in Measuring for Actual Trailer more